Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, affecting approximately 2-16% of school-aged children. It follows about 65% of them into adulthood, affecting about 1 million adults in South Africa.

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The symptoms and signs

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ADHD is characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that impair development and functioning, and are often coupled with behavioural, academic, social and emotional problems that can lead to difficulties in interpersonal relationships and school and work performance.

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The signs include:

• Difficulty in staying focused, such as sitting still

• Constant fidgeting

• Wandering off, does not complete tasks

• Lacking persistence

• Being disorganized

• Poor time management

• Procrastination

• Excessive physical movement and talking

• Impulsive acts

• Interrupting conversations and the inability to wait one’s turn

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Although some children appear to ‘outgrow’ ADHD, the condition does continue into adolescence in most cases. Some adults become more skilled in managing the symptoms and compensate for their ADHD-related impairment through lifestyle and career choices.

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ADHD can continue to have a severe impact, with many adults with ADHD going untreated for most of their lives while being at increased risk of other psychiatric conditions, substance abuse and work-related problems caused by their poor time management and organisational skills.

 

Causes and Risk Factors

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The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role.

 

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Diagnosis and treatment

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Consult a health professional such as a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or psychologist for a comprehensive evaluation, including;

• Medical history and physical examination

• Interviews and questionnaires with parents, caregivers and teachers

• ADHD rating scales

• Assessment using the DSM criteria

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Treatment typically involves a combination and behavioural interventions. In South Africa, the primary medications used for ADHD are Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine and Amphetamines.